{"id":625,"date":"2017-07-26T07:32:40","date_gmt":"2017-07-26T07:32:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/quantum-rx.com\/?page_id=625"},"modified":"2021-03-28T15:42:06","modified_gmt":"2021-03-28T14:42:06","slug":"xrf-principle","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/quantum-rx.com\/en\/xrf-principle\/","title":{"rendered":"XRF Principle"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text]X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive analytical method used to determine elemental concentrations in various materials.<\/p>\n

XRF works by striking a sample with an x-ray beam from an x-ray tube, causing characteristic x-rays to fluoresce from each element in the sample. A detector measures the energy and intensity (number of x-rays per second at a specific energy) of each X-ray, which is transformed into an elemental concentration using either a \u00a0non-standard technique such as fundamental parameters or user-generated calibration curves.<\/p>\n

The presence of an element is identified by the element\u2019s characteristic X-ray emission wavelength or energy. The amount of an element present is quantified by measuring the intensity of that element\u2019s characteristic X-ray emission.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_section full_width=”stretch_row” pix_over_visibility=”” css=”.vc_custom_1615968684920{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” content_placement=”middle” pix_particles_check=”” css=”.vc_custom_1615968706669{background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/2″]

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Chaque atome \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat fondamental, stable, poss\u00e8de un nombre d\u2019\u00e9lectrons qui lui est sp\u00e9cifique\/unique. Ces \u00e9lectrons gravitent selon des orbitales simplifi\u00e9es dans le mod\u00e8le de Bohr\u00a0: K, L, M, N. Les transitions observ\u00e9es en spectrom\u00e9trie X mettent en \u0153uvre ces 4 orbitales de base.<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Lorsque les photons incidents provenant du faisceau primaire du tube \u00e0 rayon X poss\u00e8dent une \u00e9nergie suffisante, ils parviennent \u00e0 \u00e9jecter les \u00e9lectrons des orbitales des couches K, L ou M des atomes constitutifs de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon, ce qui cr\u00e9e une vacance (1) et donc, un \u00e9tat excit\u00e9 instable. Un \u00e9lectron situ\u00e9 sur une orbitale plus externe peut alors combler cette lacune, l\u2019atome tend alors vers un \u00e9tat \u2018moins instable\u2019 (2).<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Lorsque l\u2019\u00e9lectron de l\u2019orbital externe se d\u00e9place dans l\u2019orbite interne, il lib\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00e9nergie sous la forme d\u2019un photon \u00e0 rayons X secondaire. Cette sortie d\u2019\u00e9nergie est appel\u00e9e fluorescence. Tous les \u00e9l\u00e9ments produisent une fluorescence \u201ccaract\u00e9ristique\u201d. La fluorescence de chaque atome est unique.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″ css=”.vc_custom_1559101053478{padding: 30px !important;}”]
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Le \u2018saut\u2019 de l\u2019\u00e9lectron de l\u2019orbitale plus externe vers la lacune originelle correspond \u00e0 une lib\u00e9ration d\u2019\u00e9nergie (passage \u00e0 un \u00e9tat plus stable) qui se traduit par l\u2019\u00e9mission d\u2019un photon dont la longueur d\u2019onde correspond exactement \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence d\u2019\u00e9nergie entre les deux \u00e9tats. Cette \u00e9nergie est unique pour l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment et pour la transition. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une fluorescence dans le domaine \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique des rayons X. Les photons \u00e0 rayons X primaires \u00e0 haute \u00e9nergie sont \u00e9mis par un tube \u00e0 rayons X et diffusent dans l\u2019\u00e9chantillon.<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Les r\u00e9sultats sont exprim\u00e9s sous la forme du spectre brut (analyse qualitative), ou en %, ppm, microns (\u00e9paisseur de couche), carats ou toute autre unit\u00e9 calibr\u00e9e<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Le d\u00e9tecteur dispersif en \u00e9nergie fonctionne exclusivement s\u00e9quentiellement (traitement d\u2019un photon int\u00e9gralement avant de pouvoir traiter le photon suivant). Les d\u00e9tecteurs de derni\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9ration traitent plusieurs centaines de milliers de photons par seconde.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column]
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Chaque photon issu de la r\u00e9organisation \u00e9lectronique peut \u00eatre collect\u00e9 par le cristal semi-conducteur du d\u00e9tecteur. Il y g\u00e9n\u00e8re un courant, qui est amplifi\u00e9, converti en tension et num\u00e9ris\u00e9 dans un ADC (convertisseur analogique digital). Il lui est alors attribu\u00e9 un num\u00e9ro de canal (dans l\u2019analyseur multicanal). Cette valeur ainsi obtenue vient enrichir un graphe discret appel\u00e9 spectre dont l\u2019axe des X est le num\u00e9ro de canal (\u00e9nergie du photon analys\u00e9) et l\u2019axe des Y l\u2019intensit\u00e9 (nombre de photons collect\u00e9s \u00e0 chaque \u00e9nergie). L\u2019aire sous chaque raie du spectre est repr\u00e9sentative de la concentration de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment chimique qu\u2019elle repr\u00e9sente.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_row pix_particles_check=”” css=”.vc_custom_1615800174371{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}”][vc_column]

The Atomic Level<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]\"\"1-<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>All atoms have a fixed number of electrons. These electrons are arranged in orbitals around the nucleus. Energy Dispersive XRF (EDXRF) typically captures activity in the first three electron orbitals, the K, L, and M lines.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]\"\"<\/strong><\/span>2-<\/strong><\/span> These electrons are arranged in orbitals around the nucleus. Energy Dispersive XRF (EDXRF) typically captures activity in the first three electron orbitals, the K, L, and M lines.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]\"\"3-<\/span><\/strong><\/span> The primary photons from the X-ray tube have high enough energy that it knocks electrons out of the innermost orbitals, creating a vacancy (1). An electron from an outer orbital will move into the newly vacant space at the inner orbital to regain stability within the atom (2).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]\"\"<\/strong><\/span>4-<\/strong> <\/span>As the electron from the outer orbital moves into the inner orbital, it releases energy in the form of a secondary X-ray photon. This energy release is known as fluorescence. All elements produce fluorescence \u201ccharacteristic\u201d to themselves. Each element\u2019s fluorescence is unique to itself.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_section pix_over_visibility=”” css=”.vc_custom_1615800384013{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}”][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column]

The XRF Instrument Level<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]\"\"5-<\/span><\/strong><\/span> High-energy primary X-ray photons are emitted from an X-ray tube and strike the sample[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]\"\"6-<\/span><\/strong><\/span> The fluorescent energy is transferred to a detector, where it is absorbed and transferred into an electrical signal and then into a number (digitized).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=”” css=”.vc_custom_1616052870667{padding-top: 80px !important;padding-bottom: 40px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/4″]
\"\"<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Results can be viewed in the form of percentages, or as spectrum. The XRF will process (digitize, count) about 200,000 or more x-rays every second. These detected x-rays form a spectrum. Each peak in the spectrum is from a characteristic x-ray that was emitted by a specific element, like Cr, or Ni, etc.<\/p>\n

The height of the peak is proportional to concentration of the element. The peak height is converted to a percentage or ppm of that element via a calibration method \u2013 either fundamental parameters or factory or user-derived empirical calibrations (see below).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"[vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text]X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive analytical method used to determine elemental concentrations in various materials. XRF works by striking a sample with an x-ray beam from an x-ray tube, causing characteristic x-rays to fluoresce from each element in…","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-625","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nXRF Principle - Quantum-Rx<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/quantum-rx.com\/en\/xrf-principle\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"XRF Principle - Quantum-Rx\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text]X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive analytical method used to determine elemental concentrations in various materials. 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