{"id":473,"date":"2017-07-21T09:42:19","date_gmt":"2017-07-21T09:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/quantum-rx.com\/libs-handheld-laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy-hh-libs\/"},"modified":"2021-03-28T10:12:09","modified_gmt":"2021-03-28T09:12:09","slug":"libs-principle","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/quantum-rx.com\/en\/libs-principle\/","title":{"rendered":"LIBS Principle"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_section full_width=”stretch_row” pix_over_visibility=”” css=”.vc_custom_1616053904771{padding-bottom: 80px !important;background-color: #f8f9fa !important;}”][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1616486752498{padding-top: 20px !important;}”]LIBS<\/strong> (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) is a type of optical emission spectroscopy used to measure elemental concentrations in a material. LIBS operates by using a pulsed, focused laser that is fired at a sample with sufficient pulse energy as to create a plasma around the area struck. Bound atomic electrons are striped from the atoms comprising the material.\u00a0 As the plasma cools, atoms recombine with electrons and in the process emit light in the UV, optical and IR regimes.[\/vc_column_text]

\"\"<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1616486761857{padding-top: 20px !important;}”]LIBS has been used for more than 30 years as a laboratory technique, capable of analyzing any element in the periodic table. Recently, the technique has been miniaturized into a handheld device (HH LIBS) capable of analyzer any element, depending on the spectrometer range chosen for the device.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” content_placement=”middle” pix_particles_check=”” css=”.vc_custom_1615984664530{background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/2″]
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A pulsed laser, typically in the 5-6 mJ\/pulse energy range and pulsing 50 times per second (50 Hz) is fired at a sample. The laser passes through a focusing lens, to focus the laser beam down to approximately a 50 um diameter. The pulse duration is 1-2 ns (billionths of a second) thus yielding a high enough power density (energy\/area\/time) to vaporize the material producing a plasma.<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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As the plasma cools over a few hundred micro-seconds, the electrons that were stripped from the atoms recombine with the atoms, emitting light in the UV, optical and infra-red spectrum.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″ css=”.vc_custom_1559101053478{padding: 30px !important;}”]
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On-board software compares the spectral lines with known wavelengths to identify what elements are present, and uses the intensity of those lines with an on-board calibration, to quantify the concentration of the element.<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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An on-board spectrometer analyzes the emitted light by measuring the wavelength and intensity (amount) of light at specific wavelengths \u2013 the optical spectrum.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text]Les techniques d\u2019analyses d\u2019un plasma\u00a0sont\u00a0:<\/strong>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” content_placement=”middle” pix_particles_check=”” css=”.vc_custom_1615984722636{background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/2″]
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L\u2019analyse des ions du plasma par spectrom\u00e9trie de masse (MS): SIMS (analyseur de masse d\u2019ions secondaires par exemple, non transportable)<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″ css=”.vc_custom_1559101053478{padding: 30px !important;}”]
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L\u2019analyse de la d\u00e9sexcitation des ions qui \u00e9mettent des radiations caract\u00e9ristiques dans le domaine de l\u2019UV et du visible (30nm \u00e0 1 000nm) : spectrom\u00e8tres d\u2019\u00e9mission optique.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text]Ainsi toute combinaison d\u2019excitation laser\/\u00e9tincelle\/d\u00e9charge \u00e9lectroluminescente avec une d\u00e9tection de type MS\/OES est envisageable et existe en version commercialis\u00e9e ou prototype\u00a0:\u00a0OES<\/a>, GDOES, GDMS, LIBS, LIBS avec MS \u2026 Les possibilit\u00e9s sont multiples. Cependant, lorsqu\u2019il faut envisager la portabilit\u00e9 d\u2019un \u2018plasma\u2019 analysable sur le terrain, ces possibilit\u00e9s se restreignent consid\u00e9rablement \u00e0\u00a0:[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” content_placement=”middle” pix_particles_check=”” css=”.vc_custom_1615984797540{background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/2″]
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L\u2019arc\/\u00e9tincelle (technique d\u2019\u00e9mission optique)<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″ css=”.vc_custom_1559101053478{padding: 30px !important;}”]
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La LIBS (technique d\u2019\u00e9mission optique)<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text]Des deux techniques LIBS et arc\/\u00e9tincelle\u00a0OES<\/a>, la LIBS est la technique avec\u00a0:[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=”stretch_row” content_placement=”middle” pix_particles_check=”” css=”.vc_custom_1615984849738{background-color: #ffffff !important;}”][vc_column width=”1\/3″]
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La portabilit\u00e9 la meilleure (2.5kg contre plus de 25kg pour l\u2019OES)<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″ css=”.vc_custom_1559101053478{padding: 30px !important;}”]
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La meilleure r\u00e9solution lat\u00e9rale obtenue gr\u00e2ce au laser de 50 microns diam\u00e8tre (quelques milliers de microns pour l\u2019OES)<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″]
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La possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019analyser des \u00e9chantillons non conducteurs et liquides.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text]La technique par ablation laser existe depuis des d\u00e9cennies, mais l\u2019\u00e9volution des lasers en termes de, rapport poids\/puissance et de dur\u00e9e de vie a permis de les incorporer dans des appareils portables. Parall\u00e8lement la miniaturisation des capteurs CCD et l’augmentation du nombre de pixels a ouvert des perspectives quant \u2019\u00e0 la r\u00e9solution des spectrom\u00e8tres permettant ainsi de consid\u00e9rablement miniaturiser ces derniers.<\/p>\n

les Z<\/em><\/strong> de SciAps sont des analyseurs portatifs utilisant la Spectroscopie \u00e0 D\u00e9tection Induite Laser (LIBS, type de spectroscopie d’\u00e9mission optique atomique OES\/SEO<\/a>). Depuis le d\u00e9but du 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, les scientifiques ont d\u00e9couvert que des \u00e9l\u00e9ments \u00e9mettent des couleurs sp\u00e9cifiques de la lumi\u00e8re lors de leur d\u00e9sexcitation d\u2019un \u00e9tat ionis\u00e9 \u00e0 un \u00e9tat stable. Cette combinaison de couleurs est une signature unique pour chaque \u00e9l\u00e9ment. La longueur d’onde (couleur) des lignes sp\u00e9cifiques r\u00e9v\u00e8le les \u00e9l\u00e9ments pr\u00e9sents et l’intensit\u00e9 de la lumi\u00e8re \u00e0 une longueur d’onde donn\u00e9e est li\u00e9e \u00e0 la concentration de chaque \u00e9l\u00e9ment.<\/p>\n

L\u2019exemple le plus commun\u00e9ment connu est celui de l\u2019analyse du plasma de \u2018queue\u2019 des com\u00e8tes et des astres qui permet aux astronomes de d\u00e9terminer les \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui s\u2019y trouvent. L\u2019av\u00e8nement des t\u00e9lescopes analysants de 30nm \u00e0 1000nm embarqu\u00e9s sur des satellites depuis de d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 80 a permis de s\u2019affranchir de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re terrestre. En effet l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re agit (fort heureusement pour l\u2019homme) comme un filtre des UV mais qui (malheureusement pour les t\u00e9lescopes terrestres) att\u00e9nue consid\u00e9rablement des radiations provenant des com\u00e8tes telles que celles du carbone et d\u2019autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments qu\u2019il n\u2019est donc possible de d\u00e9tecter. Ainsi les LIBS performants (comme tous les appareils OES<\/a>) travaillent sous atmosph\u00e8re d\u2019argon (parfois d\u2019h\u00e9lium ou vide partiel ou CO2 partiel pour certains appareils de laboratoire). La LIBS peut travailler sous air au d\u00e9triment de la stabilit\u00e9 du plasma et de la sensibilit\u00e9 de bon nombre de longueurs d\u2019ondes.<\/p>\n

La SEO<\/a> traditionnelle utilise des \u00e9tincelles et des flammes (analyse de liquides en AA ou ICP) pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer un plasma. L’invention et les d\u00e9veloppements r\u00e9cents de la technologie laser permettent d’utiliser les lasers. Cela donne un contr\u00f4le plus pr\u00e9cis (ponctuel et d\u2018\u00e9nergie maitris\u00e9e) de la formation du plasma. Contrairement aux \u00e9tincelles et aux flammes, le laser peut g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des plasmas \u00e0 la surface d’\u00e9chantillons non conducteurs et non pr\u00e9par\u00e9s, comme les sols, les roches ou les liquides. La LIBS est une m\u00e9thode d\u2019excitation \u2018PULSEE\u2019 (non continue). Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une analyse d\u2019un \u00e9tat transitoire entre une temp\u00e9rature de plus de 15\u00a0000 \u00e0 25 000 degr\u00e9s \u00e0 quelques milliers de degr\u00e9s \u00a0sur un laps de temps de quelques dizaines \u00e0 quelques centaines de nanosecondes. Les acquisitions sont dont extr\u00eamement rapides et elles requi\u00e8rent du mat\u00e9riel de haute technicit\u00e9 (synchronisation des tirs et des \u2018d\u00e9marrage\u2019 d\u2019acquisition de donn\u00e9es apr\u00e8s le tir)\u00a0:[\/vc_column_text]

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L\u2019analyse des \u00e9chantillons se d\u00e9compose en cinq \u00e9tapes<\/h4><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column width=”1\/3″]
1<\/span><\/div>
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Un laser puls\u00e9 \u00e0 haute \u00e9nergie est concentr\u00e9 sur l’\u00e9chantillon. La temp\u00e9rature \u00e9lev\u00e9e du laser sur l’\u00e9chantillon entra\u00eene l’ablation d’un petit volume de mat\u00e9riau dans un plasma. Le plasma contient des atomes et des ions excit\u00e9s de l’\u00e9chantillon. L\u2019environnement est contr\u00f4l\u00e9\u00a0: air, argon, h\u00e9lium.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″]
2<\/span><\/div>
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Lorsque le plasma commence \u00e0 refroidir, les \u00e9lectrons des atomes et des ions excit\u00e9s retombent dans leurs \u00e9tats initiaux. \u00c0 mesure qu\u2019ils retournent dans leurs \u00e9tats de base, la lumi\u00e8re (des longueurs d\u2019ondes sp\u00e9cifiques) est \u00e9mise par le plasma et collect\u00e9e par le spectrom\u00e8tre.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″]
3<\/span><\/div>
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Le spectrom\u00e8tre s\u00e9pare toutes les longueurs d\u2019ondes \u00e0 l\u2019aide avec des optiques dispersives \u00e0 haute r\u00e9solution puis les d\u00e9tecte avec un capteur \u00e0 couplage de charge (CCD) contenant un tr\u00e8s grands nombre de pixels align\u00e9s en barrette de photodiodes.<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column width=”1\/2″]
4<\/span><\/div>
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Chaque pixel (apr\u00e8s calibration en longueur d\u2019onde) correspond \u00e0 une longueur d\u2019onde pr\u00e9cise et connue. L\u2019intensit\u00e9 collect\u00e9e par chaque pixel est proportionnelle \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 de photons collect\u00e9s. La longueur d\u2019onde (axe X) et l\u2019intensit\u00e9 (axe Y) permettent d\u2019afficher un histogramme (spectre) caract\u00e9ristique d\u2019un point ablat\u00e9 (donc de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon s\u2019il est homog\u00e8ne)<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″]
5<\/span><\/div>
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Ainsi si le pixel consid\u00e9r\u00e9 correspond \u00e0 la longueur d\u2019onde d\u2019une d\u00e9sexcitation caract\u00e9ristique d\u2019une transition \u00e9lectronique d\u2019un \u00e9l\u00e9ment, une calibration appropri\u00e9e peut calculer la concentration massique de cet \u00e9l\u00e9ment dans la matrice. En traitant la totalit\u00e9 du spectre on peut d\u00e9duire la concentration des tous les \u00e9l\u00e9ments pr\u00e9sents de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e0 l\u2019uranium (s\u2019ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 calibr\u00e9s)<\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1615899519472{padding-top: 20px !important;}”]Sur les\u00a0LIBS de la s\u00e9rie Z<\/a>\u00a0de SciAps, des calibrations sont ajout\u00e9es en usine (pour des calibrations types pr\u00e9d\u00e9finies). Les op\u00e9rateurs peuvent aussi cr\u00e9er leurs propres routines d\u2019\u00e9talonnage.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"[vc_section full_width=”stretch_row” pix_over_visibility=”” css=”.vc_custom_1616053904771{padding-bottom: 80px !important;background-color: #f8f9fa !important;}”][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1616486752498{padding-top: 20px !important;}”]LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) is a type of optical emission spectroscopy used to measure elemental concentrations in a material. LIBS operates by using a pulsed, focused laser that…","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-473","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nLIBS Principle - Quantum-Rx<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/quantum-rx.com\/en\/libs-principle\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"LIBS Principle - Quantum-Rx\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_section full_width=”stretch_row” pix_over_visibility=”” css=”.vc_custom_1616053904771{padding-bottom: 80px !important;background-color: #f8f9fa !important;}”][vc_row pix_particles_check=””][vc_column][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1616486752498{padding-top: 20px !important;}”]LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) is a type of optical emission spectroscopy used to measure elemental concentrations in a material. 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